[Communication between external and rrecurrent laryngeal nerves in human by using dissection method in Shiraz medical school]

The aim of this study was to identify laryngeal nerves anastomosis by dissection methods. Forty human hemi- larynxes were dissected. The recurrent and branches of superior laryngeal nerve [SLN] were dissected under steriomicroscpe and separated from the surrounding tissues. All of the nerves were dissected in order to find the connection branches between laryngeal nerves, especially between the ELN and the RLN. Anastomosis between the external branch of SLN and the RLN appeared as a connecting branch throughout the cricothyroid muscle in 37.5%. Connection between RLN and internal branch of the SLN [Galen anastomosis] was also found in 100% of cases. There are neural connections between external branch of the SLN and RLN in human. These connections can explain unexpected findings after laryngeal nerve damages

Effects of nandrolone decanoate on ultrastructure of testis in male adult rats

To improve the athletic ability and muscle mass, anabolic androgenic steroids are abused by athletes. Little is known about how these compounds affect the fine structures of the testis. This study aimed to identify the changes in the fine structure of testis following administration of nandrolone decanoate. Twenty five Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two experimental, two vehicle, and one control groups. Experimental groups were treated by 3 or 10 mg/kg/wk intramuscular injection of nandrolone decanoate. The vehicle groups were treated by the same amount of peanut oil, for 14 weeks. One week after the last injection, the rats were sacrificed and their testes were prepared for transmission electron microscopy study. The cells in the interstitial space of the experimental rats were considerably degenerated. The basement membrane was thick and the diameter of seminiferous tubule was reduced. Several degenerated Sertoli cells and apoptotic germ cells were considerably observed in the experimental rats. The results of this study show that fine structure of the testis is affected by nandrolone decanoate

effect of nandrolone decanoate on the body, testis and epididymis weight and semen parameters in adult male rats

Anabolic-androgenic steroids are used at high doses by athletes for improving athletic ability, physical appearance and muscle mass. Therefore, the abuse of these steroids has been significantly increased. Many undesirable side effects of these steroids on the male reproductive function have been reported, however, little is known about their effects on sexual behavior and tissues of the reproductive system. The aim of this study is to identify the effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids on the body, testis and epididymis weight, as well as semen parameters. Five groups of Sprague-Dawley adult male rats [n=72] were used. Two experimental groups were medicated with intramuscular injection of 3 and 10 mg/kg body wt/wk of nandrolone decanoate and two vehicle groups with same doses of sweet almond and olive oils, respectively, for 14 weeks. The control group received no injection. One week after the last injection, rats were sacrificed and the weights of the body, testis and epididymis and also semen parameters were assessed. The weights of testis and epididymis, as well as, sperm count and motility rate were significantly decreased in experimental groups than in the vehicle and control groups. Morphologically abnormal sperms were observed. We found that anabolic-androgenic steroids affect fertility parameters and cause testis atrophy